A study of ancient DNA from Chagyrskaya cave in Siberia’s Altai mountains has provided scientists with their first insight into Neanderthal family structure. Researchers have identified a Neanderthal family, including a father and his teenage daughter, as well as several other close relatives who lived in Siberian caves. The butchered bones of 12 men, women, and children protruding from the floor may be the remains of an extended Neandertal family that were killed and eaten by their fellow Neanderthals.
The genetic insights add a new social dimension to the picture, providing a rare glimpse into the close-knit family structure of a Neanderthal community eking out an existence on the eastern frontier of their geographic location. The study also revealed intimate details of Neanderthal family and social life revealed by a study of ancient DNA that belonged to 11 former residents of Chagyrskaya Cave.
To demonstrate that the structure created by Neanderthals is viable, methodologies have been developed and an experimental archaeology exercise has even been completed. By analysing ancient DNA recovered from bone fragments found in two Siberian caves, researchers have identified a set of closely related Neanderthals: a father and his teenage daughter, as well as two other, more-distant relatives.
Neanderthals lived in communes, with the institution of marriage not yet born. They lived in peace and rested in peace, unlike civilized men. The group was highly inbred, but more surprisingly were patrilocal – with fathers staying close to home while mothers often came from other tribes.
| Article | Description | Site |
|---|---|---|
| Grisly Scene Gives Clues to Neandertal Family Structure | The other Neandertals in the group included a teenager, a child, and an infant, all of whom carried a type of mtDNA found in one adult female, … | science.org |
| The Neanderthal Family Based on Ancient DNA | Among them were the remains of a Neanderthal father and his teenage daughter, and a pair of second-degree relatives—a young boy and an adult … | sapiens.org |
| Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals | by L Skov · 2022 · Cited by 77 — Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia. | nature.com |
📹 Scientists Discovered Something Strange About Neanderthal DNA
Scientists have stumbled upon something seriously bizarre about Neanderthal DNA. It turns out our ancient cousins might have …
Could Neanderthals Speak?
Neanderthals, known as Homo neanderthalensis, exhibited relatively advanced language abilities, though they may have had a limited vocal range compared to modern humans. Anatomical evidence, such as the similarity of their vocal tracts and auditory pathways to those of modern humans, supports the idea that they were capable of speech. Recent research from the University of Binghamton and Universidad de Alcalá has challenged previous assumptions that Neanderthals lacked speech capability due to inadequate bone structure. A detailed analysis of a fossilized hyoid bone, crucial for speech production, suggests that Neanderthals could produce human-like sounds.
While it is estimated that Neanderthals had some form of communication, the complexity of their language remains uncertain. Some researchers argue they might have communicated similarly to a three-year-old child—capable of articulate speech but lacking sophisticated syntactic comprehension. Studies indicate that Neanderthals could hear and produce the sounds of human speech, further illuminating the discussion about their communicative abilities.
Though Neanderthal language likely differed from that of modern humans, they possessed the anatomical features necessary for speech, implying they had their own form of communication that may not have been as intricate as human language but was still significant.
How Inbred Were Neanderthals?
Studies suggest that Neandertals experienced long histories of high but variable inbreeding, with extreme cases like the Altai Neandertal exhibiting recent inbreeding patterns indicating half-sibling relationships. Research on a Neandertal woman from Siberia revealed her parents were closely related, akin to half-siblings. Genetic data supports the idea that Neandertals frequently mated with close relatives, associated with bone abnormalities. The absence of Neandertal mitochondrial DNA in modern humans suggests possible mating limitations, possibly only involving male Neandertals and female Homo sapiens.
Over time, Neandertals may have faced genetic decline due to inbreeding, leading to lower reproductive success—estimates indicate they were about 40% less reproductively fit than modern humans. The presence of harmful mutations in Neandertal DNA further compromised their fitness. In contrast, early humans seem to have developed advanced social structures to avoid inbreeding, indicating awareness of its dangers.
Evidence of interbreeding between Neandertals and early humans has been established, with many modern individuals carrying 2–3% Neandertal DNA. The decline in Neandertal ancestry in modern humans suggests that small, isolated populations and inbreeding significantly affected their survival.
What Is Inbreeding Among Neanderthals?
Studies reveal that Neandertals experienced significant inbreeding over time, particularly highlighted by the Altai Neandertal, whose genetics suggest a close relationship akin to half-siblings. At El Sidrón, Spain, bone fragments have uncovered evidence of inbreeding among at least 13 individuals of diverse ages and sexes. One notable case involved a Neandertal woman from approximately 50, 000 years ago, potentially resulting from a half-sibling union.
Recent research proposes that Homo sapiens may have contributed to Neandertal extinction through sexual interactions rather than direct violence. However, it is suggested that inbreeding and demographic shifts would have ultimately led to their demise. An international team sequenced the most complete Neandertal genome to date, revealing close genetics between a Siberian Neandertal woman and her parents, indicating small, insular communities prone to inbreeding.
This pattern is supported by findings from Chagyrskaya cave, showing high inbreeding levels even as women transitioned between groups. Modern non-African humans carry 1 to 4 percent Neandertal DNA due to interbreeding, although Neandertals exhibited a 40 percent lower reproductive fitness compared to modern humans, exacerbating their decline. Consequently, while interactions with Homo sapiens may have influenced Neandertals, inbreeding was a significant factor in their extinction.
What Was The Body Structure Of A Neanderthal Man?
Neanderthals, our closest extinct human relatives, emerged over 200, 000 years ago and are characterized by unique facial and anatomical features such as a large middle face, angled cheekbones, and a prominent brow ridge. They had a robust build, adapted to cold environments, with a stocky body structure that helped retain heat, measuring around 1. 50-1. 75m in height and weighing 64-82kg. Their skulls were long and low, differing from the globular shape of modern humans, emphasizing distinctive traits that evolved in isolated regions.
Research on Neanderthal genetics, aided by mitochondrial DNA analysis, has shown variations in their physical characteristics, including significant lung capacity for their muscular physiques. While they shared similarities with early Homo sapiens, their unique dental and skeletal structures defined their species. Their ability to hear human voices suggests sophisticated communication abilities. However, physical limitations, particularly in running over long distances due to their ankle structures, hindered their survival.
Neanderthals faced a declining population, and interbreeding with early humans diminished their genetic traits. Extensive research, including skeletal reconstructions, has revealed insights into their lives and adaptations. Overall, the robust anatomy of Neanderthals connects them closely to harsh Pleistocene climates, making them one of humanity's most intriguing relatives as we continue to explore their legacy.
What Was The Social Structure Of Neanderthals?
Middle Palaeolithic evidence suggests that Neandertal groups, comprising 12–24 individuals, formed alliances with other bands and had enemy relationships. Rituals likely played a key role in maintaining these alliances. Genomic analyses have shed light on Neanderthal population history and their links to modern humans, revealing a complex social structure. Contrary to the stereotype of clumsy cavemen, Neandertals were adept toolmakers, exhibited playful childhoods, and established homes.
They were well-adapted to cold climates, possessing robust physiques and larger organs for sustained activity. Recent archaeological findings indicate Neanderthals engaged in symbolic thinking, created art, buried their dead, and cared for the sick and wounded. Genetic evidence shows that, during their extinction, Neandertals in Europe were not homogeneous but represented at least two distinct populations. Their social organization likely resembled that of modern humans, with mixed-sex groups across various ages.
A study also analyzed ancient DNA from Neandertals at Chagyrskaya Cave in southern Siberia, contributing to the understanding of their social dynamics. Overall, findings suggest Neandertals lived in small, isolated communities, characterized by a low overall population and interbreeding with humans, leading to a gradual loss of Neandertal genetic traits.
How Did Neanderthals Treat Their Dead?
Neanderthals have been reported to engage in ritualistic burials, with skeletal finds linked to features like flower offerings and distinct burial practices. Most Neanderthal burials occurred inside caves, while early Homo sapiens preferred rock shelters and terraces. Evidence suggests both groups buried individuals of all ages, but instances of Neanderthal baby burials have been specifically documented.
Archaeologists contest whether Neanderthal burial practices indicate modern human behavior, noting the differences in burial positions—Neanderthals buried their dead differently from early Homo sapiens.
Notable site Shanidar Cave in Iraq initially pointed to Neanderthal compassion through flower burials but recently spurred debate on the intentionality behind these practices. Research from the Ferrassie site in France indicates a Neanderthal child's burial dated around 41, 000 years ago, revealing the potential for spiritual motives among Neanderthals. Pollen found at burial sites suggests flowers were integral, but conflicting findings challenge this perspective. Overall, while evidence supports intentional burial among Neanderthals, the specific practices and meanings remain complex and debated within archaeology.
Which Neanderthals Have A Phylogenetic Relationship With Mitochondrial DNA?
The phylogenetic tree constructed from mitochondrial DNA sequences illustrates the evolutionary relationships of Chagyrskaya (blue) and Okladnikov (orange) Neanderthals alongside those from Denisova Cave, Europe, and contemporary humans from Africa, East Asia, and Europe. A comparison involving 54 modern humans, three Denisovans, and 17 Neanderthal mtDNA sequences indicated a closer genetic relationship among certain groups. The study conducted in Tübingen, Germany, utilized ancient DNA methodologies.
Examining Neanderthal DNA allows researchers to explore genotypes linked to known functions and infer potential phenotypes exhibited in life. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree showcased 23 Neanderthals, three Denisovans, and 64 modern humans, emphasizing the underrepresentation of introgressed Neanderthal alleles in specific nuclear loci. The research, focused on 13 Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains' Middle Palaeolithic sites, revealed that early Neanderthals from Sima de los Huesos were closely linked to Denisovan mtDNAs, indicating shared ancestry.
While mitochondrial DNA represents primarily maternal lineage, recent advancements enable sequencing ancient hominin mtDNA from Pleistocene sediments. This research suggests noteworthy population dynamics in Neanderthal history and underscores the divergence of modern human ancestors from Neanderthals and Denisovans roughly 600, 000 years ago, with distinct phylogenetic patterns observed in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses.
What Type Of Housing Were Used By Neanderthal?
Neanderthals, known for their adaptability, utilized both natural caves and constructed their own shelters when caves were unavailable. Evidence indicates they built temporary structures from materials like wood, animal hides, and bones, often in caves or strategically chosen open-air sites. Current research suggests Neanderthals engaged in complex living arrangements akin to modern human behavior, showing signs of a home-centric lifestyle.
The discovery of a 44, 000-year-old structure at the Riparo Bombrini site illustrates their building techniques, as they fashioned homes from mammoth bones, organized into distinct areas for various activities. This finding, along with insights from excavations in locations like Esquilleu Cave, contributes to an image of Neanderthals as tidy and organized in their domestic life, not merely primitive beings.
Researchers have also posited that Neanderthals may have established early concepts of "home" prior to Homo sapiens. Although evidence of specific huts or tents remains elusive, the functionality and organization of their living spaces reflect significant cognitive complexity. The existence of Neanderthal dwellings across diverse environments underscores their ability to adapt. Overall, these insights reveal that Neanderthals may have been more akin to "homebodies" than previously recognized, demonstrating a nuanced societal structure and sophisticated habitat management.
Were Neanderthals Promiscuous?
An analysis of finger-length ratios indicates that Neanderthals were more sexually competitive and promiscuous than modern humans. Researchers from Liverpool and Oxford studied fossilized finger bones, concluding that the elongated ring fingers suggest Neanderthals engaged in more promiscuous behavior. This finding aligns with evidence from anatomy, genetics, and archaeological records. It appears that Neanderthals experienced elevated testosterone levels during development, contributing to their higher promiscuity, similar to current primate behavior in group living situations.
The researchers also highlight strong gene flow between Neanderthals and early modern humans, supporting theories of interbreeding. Genetic analyses reveal that Neanderthal DNA flowed into Homo sapiens populations, underscoring their interactions. In summary, Neanderthals likely had more sexual partners and exhibited behaviors that favored sexual competition, differing significantly from contemporary human sexuality.
The findings reflect a broader understanding of Neanderthals’ social dynamics and mating practices, providing insight into their relationships and interactions with modern humans and other archaic human species.
Are Neanderthals Genetically Related?
In a comprehensive analysis of 17 Neanderthal fossils, mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosomes, and genome-wide data illuminated the genetic relationships between Neanderthals and modern humans. These ancient hominins, distinct from but closely related to modern humans, cohabitated and interbred in similar environments until their extinction around 40, 000 years ago. Genetic evidence indicates that most modern Eurasians carry Neanderthal DNA, a remnant of this interbreeding.
Since the late 1990s, advances in ancient DNA studies have progressively revealed the complexities of human ancestry, culminating in the Neanderthal genome project's complete sequencing in 2010. Notably, researchers discovered two waves of gene flow that occurred approximately 250, 000 years ago. While present-day humans outside Africa retain Neanderthal genetic material, they lack Neanderthal mtDNA and Y chromosomes, indicating that only offspring resulting from male Neanderthal and female human unions contributed to the existing DNA pool.
Findings suggest that modern Europeans possess fewer Neanderthal genes than East Asians, potentially due to the influence of migrating early farmers. The ongoing research into Neanderthal genetics is pivotal to understanding the traits and diseases in modern humans, highlighting the enduring legacy of our Neanderthal relatives. Evidence suggests that Neanderthals were absorbed into the human population rather than entirely going extinct, underscoring their complex relationship with Homo sapiens and contributing to our evolutionary narrative.
Did Neanderthals Have Family Units?
For the first time, researchers have identified a family of Neanderthals—specifically, a father and his teenage daughter—along with other close relatives, who lived in Siberian caves around 54, 000 years ago. This significant discovery, detailed in a Nature study, reveals that early Neanderthals operated within small family units. While inbreeding was likely due to their small populations, it was less common among anatomically modern humans. Genetic analyses linked a father to his daughter's DNA through nuclear fragments and maternally inherited traits.
The findings indicate that Neanderthals may have lived in tight-knit, albeit relatively introverted communities, with limited social interactions compared to Homo sapiens, who thrived in larger groups. Furthermore, Neanderthals shared genetic connections with modern humans, evidenced by lower percentages of Neanderthal DNA in certain populations. These insights show that while Neanderthals were once distinct, some interbreeding occurred as they cohabited geographical areas with modern humans for tens of thousands of years.
Overall, Neanderthal societies appear to have been organized around familial bonds rather than expansive social networks, shaping their lifestyle and community structure. This research contributes to our understanding of Neanderthal social dynamics and genetics, highlighting their unique place in human ancestry.
📹 ‘Rare finding’ of Neanderthal family from 50,000 years ago
University of Wollongong Professor Richard Roberts says there has been a “rare finding” of 17 Neanderthal fossils who lived in …
Actually It is pronounced, Nee-and-dur-talls. Named for the Neander Valley, Germany, in which they were first discovered. In Germany, the “th” is pronounced as a “t” sound. Recent DNA tests on myself shows 3%, my husband has 4%. The average is 3% Neanderthal DNA markers in the Caucasian population.
Actually, the theory of large noses for heating and moistening cold air no longer holds up. Neanderthal noses were probably worse at the task than our own. It is more likely their big noses were an adaptation increasing their breathing effectiveness associated with ambush and sprint hunting strategy in a woodland environment. Of course, this also can’t be given for granted.
Thinking that humans migrated from Africa, hooked up with a Neanderthal and then walked back to Africa is about the most insane version I’ve heard yet. Neanderthal likely weren’t cold weather people, wide nostrils are not what you want in cold weather. They were adapted for ambush hunting and warm climate, they likely didn’t originate in snowy regions, either ended up there or the temps dropped off. It’s far more likely that all of this ‘various human species’ is just wrong, those were simply the races of their time and they didn’t travel and mix as often as we do today. You can look at the ‘early near humans’ or whatever you want to call them and see obvious traits that still exist in modern humans today. They were just different races.
For decades true Americans have been making fun of Neanderthals. Calling someone a Neanderthal used to be an insult. There were Captain Cave man cartoons, Geico commercials, etc. But then scientists seemingly discover that Europeans and others had between 1-4% Neander in them with the highest percentages in Europe. Meanwhile Africa had none. Suddenly Neanderthals were geniuses! It seemed like every other month some publication would come out with “shocking new information that rewrites” everything known before! And I told my wife that they don’t believe that, which is why they’re going to “discover” Neander DNA in Africans. Sure enough. Movie quote time! The character Blade of the movie of the same name said, “When you know a thing, you know what it’s capable of.”. So very very true.
Bilge. Neanderthals had brains that were somewhat larger than ours. They had advanced technology for their time, i.e. exquisite leaf-shape spear points were made by them rather than their H. sapiens cousins. They created cave art, crafted beads for jewelry, harvested shellfish as well as hunting big game with freakin’ spears. They cared for the young, the old and the infirm. It’s more likely that H. neaderthalensis was rather incompatible genetically with H. sapiens.
It not just a large nose that we may have inherited from Neanderthals; geneticists also believe that if you have a weak chin profile that it may be another trait inherited from them. Of course, humans also chewed rougher, courser food 200 years ago, and consequently the jaw has been shrinking since then from eating softer foods. So, you can’t rule that out either.
Sorry gene migration is not species migration. It can be transposed within the new species over time back to another location, diminishing in quantity as you get further from point of contact. That is actually the current explanation for how we find Neanderthal DNA in Africa. And it is supported by the fact that north of the Sahara the ratio is far higher while south it is always under 1% and as low as 0.02%.
It’s not 3% at most. My mom took a 23 and me DNA test and it showed 5% Neanderthal and it said the percentage is higher than 98% of all humans today, which explains some things about her, like terrible at simple technology. Takes her 3 hours or longer to send a email and than gives up. She avoids vegetables and fruits a lot and eats mostly meat.
NO. What 0.05 % Neanderthal DNA in African populations means that Northern Africa 5:49 was colonized by Europeans during classical times (Cleopatra’s story was about Rome colonizing Egypt) sub-Saharan Africa was extensively colonized in the last 500 years and left offspring behind. Did you compare the DNA of Northern Africans with that of sub-Saharan Africans? The percentages are not going to be the same.
Come on look at where their eyes sockets were…they were so high on the skull, they would literally be on our foreheads. Their eyes sockets, enormous, teeth twice the size of ours and likely completely covered in fur given they lived in extremely cold climates (I kjow know they also lived in more moderate places like the Levant), however there is no proof of Neanderthal clothes making, so they were propabably all fur, like primates. This effort to humanise them after it was discovered that Europeans have Neanderthal DNA is pathetic. They would look humanoid but with a face more similar to a red haired gorilla. Just look at where their eyes are, skull next to skull compared to humans. No you couldn’t give one a shave and pass it off as a human.
Right now, you have about 3% of your great- great-grandmother’s DNA. That’s not all that far from your ancestry. If most people have about 3% of Neanderthal DNA, then they’re as closely related to Neanderthals as they are to their great-great-grandmother. Which means that Neanderthals really aren’t gone, any more than your great-great grandmother is gone. She might have died out, but her DNA lives on in you, and you can still claim her as your ancestor.
Historians and archaeologists just mentions dates for extinctions, fossils, artifacts or ancient buildings without knowing that human history is clearly divided in periods of time because our planet suffers from a cycle of natural disasters that are caused by the ninth planet in our solar system. This planet is encircling our sun in an eccentric orbit, therefore it is only a short while close to our sun and planets and it crosses the ecliptic plane at a very high speed. It causes disasters on the small planets Mars and Earth. One in seven times it creates an Ice Age and nearly destroys our planet Earth, wipes out the existing civilization and several animals become extinct. This disaster is known as “The end of times”. The last time that this occurred was in the year 10,844 BCE. Other disasters are less destructive but mostly known as a flood, Noah’s flood combined with a bombardment of meteors, small and large. So civilizations emerge and disappear according to a fixed timeline. For now it is impossible to say where civilizations started. We explain much more about planet 9, the recurring flood cycle and its timeline, the rebirth of civilizations and ancient advanced technology in the e-book: “Planet 9 = Nibiru”. It shows abundant and convincing evidence both in text and many depictions. It can be read on any computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: planet 9 roest
I have a theory: As the brain area used for communication was more developed in the Pre-Homosapien they would have developed more social skills than the Neanderthal. One could then hypothesize the Homosapien hunted in larger troops making the Neanderthal easy prey and they were hunted down. The Homosapien’s killed and ate what they couldn’t heard after a raid. One could also hypothesize the males never made it to maturity nor would the female Homosapien be breading with the Neanderthal. The neanderthal DNA was eaten and bread into extinction, all that’s left is a small percentage in our DNA. The beginning of cannibalism, slavery and husbandry all rolled into one.
I have seen at least one neanderthal skeleton in a living person in this year-2024. It was in a article right here on Youtube. In a show, hosted by the young guy who portrayed Spock in the recent movies, a man who meditated to increase his strength and the show’s host were xrayed to determine if there was something in their skeleton to influence the strength gathered by meditation. The show was about people experiencing superhuman strength when facing impossible tasks. Like bending a door on a car to save someone who would have otherwise died from a fire. It was amazing, the skeleton looked exactly like a neanderthal skeleton, all the way down to the pyramid shaped rib cage, which is more closely related to apes like gorillas and chimpanzees.
They are still here ruling Western civilization called the dragon and the beast in Revelation. 7 heads and 10 horns. We call them Europeans but that’s a Canaanite Black princess’s name Europa. They a hybrid race of Heylel or Enlil who went against his creator and later was called Satan from Tiamat, the first earth age spoken of in Genesis 1:1. Genesis 1:2 is our present earth Qi or Ea from which we get the word earth.
Neanderthals are more successful today than they have ever been. At an average of 2% neanderthal in the average person, that would be about equivilant to 160,000,000 full blooded neanderthals alive today including part of me, writing this now. At the peak of “pure blooded” neanderthal culture, it is estimated that there were 70,000-100,000 of them alive at one time.
They keep saying ‘we’ this and ‘we’ that when it is primarily people of Eurasian descent (of which 100% of them are GARUANTEED to have Neanderthal and/or Denisovan DNA) while very, VERY few of us, African-descended people do. So, who is this article speaking to? Not the majority of us Africans… which is a large chunk of the human global population. Also, the vast majority of the ancient Africans/first anatomically modern humans/Homosapiens never went to the Eurasian continent nor interbred with any of those archiac hominids. Why do they ALWAYS talk as if the entirety of Africans left the continent to go into Eurasia? Why do they seldom explain that it was a tiny, tiny fraction? Why do they seldom mention that indigenous African people have the most diverse genome?
Neanderthal’s may have been the humans that could live to be several hundreds of years old as their skeletons appear to have features that would develop if a human today lived to be hundreds of years old. Neanderthal skeletons look like superior humans just as a sabretooth tiger would be to a regular tiger today or a woolly mammoth compared to an elephant. A modern day elephant lives to about 70 years of age and their tusks grow to around 6 feet. Woolly mammoth tusks where around 15 feet so that means they where living up to 200 years old so its not out of the question that Neanderthal’s were living to be hundreds of years old.
As a young man i used to sing, with some training, belonging to a choir and later selecting and training the next generation to sing. To select a voice with naturally strong projection and a voice with clarity and quality, i would before hearing a note from their mouth just look at their face throat and chest, if they weren’t a big nosed, projecting forhead and nasal sinuses, a long strongthroat, strong large jaw, barrel chested, i automatically knew i had a squarker not a class singer and wouldnt waste my time with them. On looking at some reconstructions of Neanderthals i automatically have thought, what wonderful singers these people would be, they must have chosesn their mating partners according to the quality of their singing voice to be honest. These people werent crude hunters and fighters, they were singers. The valleys they lived in must have echoed with amazing song
I understand that the neanderthals were not our predecessors. We wernt directly related. Both came from a guy they call hedelburg man. We have to get used to the idea that there were more than one species of human. With for instance,dogs, there are lots of related species like coyote,wolf,wild dog, hyena etc. The breeds they have from malinois to pekinese are races of dog. There were orher humans and across the genus all shared dna as dogs share dna with other related species.
I’m very confused by your percentages. Are you implying that we only have 2% (or 4%) Neanderthal dna? How much is common to both? Since we probably “evolved” from a common ancestor, it’s probably safe to say we share a “lot” of common dna. There are scientific studies that report we & chimps share 96% dna. So, why did Neanderthals disappear but apes survive today? I think “2001 A Space Odyssey”” explained this – Ha”
I have 3%. I’m 5’7 and thin. I have unusual endurance. I also remember past life memories, and we were more advanced than humanity is today. There’s been lots and lots of civilisations that are more advanced than we are. The history we are taught is wrong. We could use telepathy and we were more commUNITY CONSCIOUSNESS oriented beings. Humanity today lives in duality/separation conscientious.
This may come as a shock to some people but the aboriginal people of America were black. They were here when Columbus “discovered” this country. Not all of the black people that were enslaved came from Africa. Actually only a few were African, Most were Americans. Look into it, it’s very interesting. The first 6 or 7 US Presidents were black. Look into that too. We’ve been lied to about most everything.
The problem with these scientific studies there is too much speculation. Yes there is accurate information that is very interesting the problem arises when one goes to far to explain the many unknowns, and then it can go anywhere. When they say these things like “these suggest” simply means I don’t know. The word “suggest” is forgotten and the idea is taken as fact. In the end the little knowledge or evidence that has been found is extrapolated point it is no longer relevant but a nice fiction story.